Empirical First Principals Drive TORC Commercial Feasibility and Pilot Plant LCOS of <10cents/kWh with Stretch to <5cents/kWh

[Low Cost Materials / Factory Mass Production Build from Original Equipment Manufacturer “OEM” Suppliers] TORC is the only Deployable Clean Energy Long Duration Energy Storage “LDES” System, we are aware of in the World, that is 100% comprised of Bulk Commodity Build Materials that cost no more than steel (<$1000/t) and affords itself to factory mass production for build efficiencies only seen in the Auto Sector for low CAPEX.

[No Critical Materials/Minerals] This follows that TORC of course does not require the traditional Critical Minerals associated with Clean Energy. All other Deployable Clean LDES Systems, TORC is aware of, require costly Critical Materials / Base Metals (up to $50,000/t) and it the case of some systems, high cost Precious Metals. Further all other said systems are not capable of factory mass production with virtually non Deployable requirements of suitable Geography or Costly Custom Civil Works on Site.

[Low Stress Operating Parameters] TORC is the only Deployable Clean Energy LDES System we are aware of that runs at Low Temp & Pressure, allowing Ultra Low OPEX and Long System Life. Also, as component cost is cheap (Bulk Commodities/Mass Produced), components can be cheaply and easily swapped out to offer theoretically unlimited Life (like a classic V8 Muscle Car, a 50 year old Dodge Charger).

[Fuel never runs out - continuous cycling, and its low cost offers cheap upscaling from 1MWh to 1000MWh] Unlimited Cycling of TORC’s 21st Century [cheap, “high tech” but “off the shelf”] Phase Change Material (PCM) Storage Medium. PCM uses the scientific phenomenon (quantum physics explanation) of Latent Heat to charge store and discharge (to full 100% discharge… Li-Ion limited to 50-75%) High Energy Density at Low Temperature. In this state, our PCM remains in the Liquid Fusion level of Solid to Liquid to Solid cycel. This therefore does not require the far greater stress and pressure transfer to gas/steam state. This allows virtually unlimited cycling (Charge to Discharge to Charge) albeit tested (by independent assessors) so far to 10,000 cycles (30years) and still going with immaterial deterioration (unlike Li-Ion). Regardless, as the material is cheap (unlike Li-Ion and other Storage mediums and their membranes) its also easy to replace without impacting economics. Further PCMs, as 21st Century Materials, are at the start of their Theoretical Maximum potential with AI and Quantum Computers exponentially stimulating their upgrade progress. (whereas, Li-Ion is presently close to its Theoretical Maximums and unlikely to get any cheaper).

[Aggregate of System Components leverage Round Trip Efficiency (RTE)] TORC is unaware of any other system integrating componentry to capitalise on Co-Efficient of Performance thermal dynamic properties. TORC uses Heat Pumps to Charge the PCM Storage Medium by a CoP of up to 400% and then support recharge from the Turbine’s Waste Heat (there is no exhaust vent in the System which is completely Closed Loop). Third Party Review by the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University (RMIT) - confirmed a RtE of 50% - but for our Base Case, TORC uses a conservative 35% (Other Thermal or traditional Internal Combustion Systems (“ICE”) that are not CHP, say Diesel Gensets, run at only 25%).

[True Deploy Ability with little intrusiveness to Site via Plug & Play set up, exactly like a Diesel Genset Bank (except the fuel is limitless / not need to keep filling up the tank)] TORC Base Case Pilot Plant LCOS $/kWh is well below present off-grid On Demand Power Costs with a Diesel Genset LCOE >50cent/kWh. TORC can take Unreliable Solar Power, charge during its short window and provide On Demand Power like a Diesel Genset Bank. LCOE of Solar (when it works) is 3cents/kWh. On TORCs conservative RTE of 35% it can deliver that power at 8.6cents/kWh (3cents/35%).

[Market Oversupply windows available for Solar Charging] In NSW alone there is 8,000MW of unwanted Solar Capacity. Due to the variable nature of Solar, there is a massive level of Over Capacity so that “Solar Curtailment” (rejected by the Grid or receive Negative Tariff - like in Waste, there is a “Dumping Fee”) is a critical issue. The TORC System in this massive over supply environment (when its not wanted, and when its wanted it not available because it is NOT On-Demand) offers one of the only viable solutions and really performs a Waste to Energy Service.